Discriminative Role of Moral intelligence, Mindfulness and Cell Phone Addiction in Suicide Probability among students

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Master student, Department of educational sciences, University of Shahid Madani in Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran

2 Faculty of Education and psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz. Iran.

3 Ms Educational psychology ,Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran

4 MA in Educational Psychology, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

5 Ms Educational psychology ,Tabriz University. Tabriz. Iran

Abstract

Suicide is a deliberate act that causes a person to die. The aim of this study was to discrimination of students with high and low suicide probability based on components moral intelligence, mindfulness and cell phone addiction. The method of this study was causal-comparative. The population consisted of all male and female students studying at Tabriz university in the 2018-2019 academic year that, 492 students were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. For data collection from the Lennick and Kiel moral intelligence, five facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ), Savari cell phone addiction and suicide probability scale (SPS), were used. Data were analyzed using statistical test discriminant analysis. The results of the discriminant analysis, leading to a significant recognition function that according to this function acting with awareness and cell phone addiction had the highest ability to differentiate between two groups of students. Subsequent distinctive components the groups, were honesty, nonjudging of inner experience, forgiveness, describing, sympathy and observing. Also, the results of the discriminant analysis showed that all students with high suicide probability were correctly discriminated from other students with the highest percentage of detection (81/5%) and 80/6% of the two groups' students were properly classified according to the obtained function. The results of this reclassification indicated the ability of these variables in discriminating between students with different suicide probability levels.

Keywords


باختر، مرضیه و رضائیان، محسن (1395). شیوع افکار و اقدام به خودکشی و عوامل خطر مرتبط با آن در دانشجویان ایرانی: یک مطالعه مروری منظم. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، 15(10): 1061-1076.
تمنایی فر، شیما؛ اصغرنژاد فرید، علی‌اصغر؛ میرزایی، مصلح و سلیمانی، مهدی (1395). ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی پرسشنامه پنج عاملی ذهن آگاهی. مجله روانشناسی تحولی، 12(47): 321-329.
جان قربانی، محسن و بخشی، محسن (1394). شیوع افکار خودکشی و عوامل مرتبط با آن در دانشجویان علوم پزشکی اصفهان در سال تحصیلی 94-93. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد، 17(5): 1-12.
سواری، کریم (1393). ساخت و اعتبار یابی پرسش‌نامه اعتیاد به تلفن همراه. مجله اندازه‌گیری تربیتی، 4(15): 126-142.
شاهرودی، سمیه؛ سلطانی، فریدون؛ نوری، نرگس و ریگی، افسانه (1397). بررسی رابطه وابستگی اعتیاد گونه به تلفن همراه با انگیزه پیشرفت و عملکرد تحصیلی دانشجویان شهر خاش منطقه بلوچستان. مجله روانشناسی و روان‌پزشکی شناخت، 5(6): 55-70.
شهبازیان خونیق، آرش؛ حسنی، امید و رشبری دیباور، محمد (1398). نقش تشخیصی قلدری و هوش اخلاقی در احتمال خودکشی دانش آموزان مقطع متوسطه دوم شهر سنندج در سال تحصیلی 97-1396. مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان، 18 (1): 1-11.
علیوردی نیا، اکبر؛ رضایی، احمد و پیرو، فریبرز (1390). تحلیل جامعه‌شناختی گرایش دانشجویان به خودکشی. مجله جامعه‌شناسی کاربردی، 44(4): 1-18.
متین پور، بهمن؛ نجفی، رضوان؛ زریباف، یگانه؛ کریم پور وظیفه خورانی، علیرضا و حبیبی، رومینا (1396). افکار خودکشی در دانشجویان با گرایش‌های وسواسی: نقش ذهن آگاهی زمینه‌ای و مسئولیت‌پذیری افراطی. مجله تصویر سلامت، 8 (3): 145-152.
محمدیان، آسیه (1394). تحلیل روابط ساده و چندگانه بین هوش اخلاقی و سرمایه اجتماعی با مسئولیت دانشجویی دانشگاه کاشان. (پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد)، دانشگاه کاشان، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی.
مختاری پور، مرضیه و سیادت، سید علی (1388). بررسی مقایسه‌ای ابعاد هوش اخلاقی از دیدگاه دانشمندان با قرآن کریم و ائمه معصومین (ع). مطالعات اسلام و روانشناسی، 3(4)، 97-118.
موسوی، سید غفور؛ ملکیان، آزاده؛ کیخایی، نجمه؛ کیخایی، فرشته و محمودی، معصومه (1387). فراوانی نسبی افکار خودکشی در دانشجویان دانشگاه های اصفهان (سال 1384). نشریه حکیم، 11(3): 55-59.
Alpaslan, A. H., Avci, K., Soylu, N., & Guzel, H. I. (2015). The association between problematic Internet use, suicide probability, alexithymia and loneliness among Turkish medical students. Journal of Psychiatry, 18(1): 91-106.
Aliverdinia, A., Rezaee, A., & Peyrou, F. (2011). Sociological analysis of students' tendency to suicide. Applied Sociology44(4): 1-18. (Text in Persian).
Bakhtar, M., & Rezaeian, M. (2017). The prevalence of suicide thoughts and attempted suicide plus their risk factors among Iranian students: a systematic review study. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences15(11): 1061-1076. (Text in Persian).
Collins, I. P., & Paykel, E. S. (2000). Suicide amongst Cambridge university students 1970–1996. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology35(3): 128-132.
Cull, J. G., & Gill, W. S. (2002). Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) Manual. LosAngeles, CA: Western psychological Service
Dervic, K., Carballo, J. J., Baca-Garcia, E., Galfalvy, H. C., Mann, J. J., Brent, D. A., & Oquendo, M. A. (2011). Moral or religious objections to suicide may protect against suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 72(10): 1390-6.
Frewen, P. A., Evans, E. M., Maraj, N., Dozois, D. J. A., & Partridge, K. (2008). Letting go: mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(6): 758–774.
Fu, K. W., Chan, W. S., Wong, P. W., & Yip, P. S. (2010). Internet addiction: Prevalence, discriminant validity and correlates among adolescents in Hong Kong. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(6): 486–492.
Gao, T., Li, J., Zhang, H., Gao, J., Kong, Y., Hu, Y., & Mei, S. (2018). The influence of alexithymia on mobile phone addiction: The role of depression, anxiety and stress. Journal of affective disorders225: 761-766.
Hassanian-Moghaddam, H., & Zamani, N. (2017). Suicide in Iran: the facts and the Figures from Nationwide reports. Iranian journal of psychiatry, 12(1): 73-7.
Janghorbani, M., & Bakhshi, S. (2015). The prevalence of suicide ideation and factors associated among students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 2013-2014. Journal of Shahrekord Uuniversity of Medical Sciences, 17(5): 1-12. (Text in Persian).
Kim, K., Ryu, E., Chon, M. Y., Yeun, E. J., Choi, S. Y., Seo, J. S., & Nam, B. W. (2006). Internet addiction in Korean adolescents and its relation to depression and suicidal ideation: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43(2): 185–192.
Kurt, D. G. (2015). Suicide risk in college students: The effects of Internet addiction and drug use. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 15(4): 841–848.
Kiel, F., & Lennick, D. (2005). Moral intelligence. Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 2995.
Kuss, D. J., Kanjo, E., Crook-Rumsey, M., Kibowski, F., Wang, G. Y., & Sumich, A. (2018). Problematic mobile phone use and addiction across generations: The roles of psychopathological symptoms and smartphone use. Journal of technology in behavioral science3(3): 141-149.
Lamis, D. A., & Dvorak, R. D. (2014). Mindfulness, nonattachment, and suicide rumination in college students: The mediating role of depressive symptoms. Mindfulness, 5(5): 487–496.
Lennick, D., & Kiel, F. (2007). Moral intelligence: Enhancing business performance and leadership success. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Lizardi, D., Currier, D., Galfalvy, H., Sher, L., Burke, A., Mann, J., & Oquendo, M. (2007). Perceived reasons for living at index hospitalization and future suicide attempt. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 195(5): 451-455.
Lin, I. H., Ko, C. H., Chang, Y. P., Liu, T. L., Wang, P. W., Lin, H. C., & Yen, C. F. et al. (2014). The association between suicidality and Internet addiction and activities in Taiwanese adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(3): 504–510.
Lundh, L., Karim, J., & Quilisch, E. (2007). Deliberate self-harm in 15-year-old adolescents: A pilot study with a modified version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48: 33-41.
Mark, J., Williams, G., & Swales, M. (2004). The use of mindfulness-based approaches for suicidal patients. Archives of suicide research8(4): 315-329.
Matinpour, B. Najafi, R. Zaribaf, Y. Karimpour-Vazifehkhorani, A & Habibi R. (2017).  Suicidal Ideation in Students with Obsessive Tendencies: The Role of Mindfulness and Inflated Responsibility. Depiction of Health, 8(3): 145-152. (Text in Persian).
Messias, E., Castro, J., Saini, A., Usman, M., & Peeples, D. (2011). Sadness, suicide, and their association with video game and internet overuse among teens: Results from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2007 and 2009. Suicide and Life- Threatening Behavior, 41(3): 307–315.
Mohammadiyan, A. (2015). Analysis of simple and multiple relationships between moral intelligence and social capital with student responsibility in Kashan University. Kashan: Kashan University. (Text in Persian).
Mokhtaripour, M & Siadat, SA. (2010). Comparison of the dimensions of moral intelligence from the viewpoint of scientists with the Holy Quran. Studies in Islam and Psychology, 3(4): 97-118. (Text in Persian).
Mousavi, Gh, Malekian, A, Keykhaei, N, Keykhaei, F, & Mahmoudi, M. (2008). Relative frequency of suicidal ideation in students of Isfahan universities in 2005. Hakim Research Journal, 11(3): 55-59. (Text in Persian).
Pakdel, L. & Sharifi, S. (2016). Moral intelligence relationship with job satisfaction and organization deviant behaviors youth and sports department of Fars province. International business management, 10(7): 1151-61.
Roush, J. F., Brown, S. L., Mitchell, S. M., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2019). Experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, and suicide ideation among psychiatric inpatients: The role of thwarted interpersonal needs. Psychotherapy Research, 29(4): 514-523.
Savari, K. (2013). Construct and validate a questionnaire mobile phone addiction. Journal of Educational Measurement, 4(15):126-42. (Text in Persian).
Serpa, G. J., Taylor, S. L., & Tillisch, K. (2014). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) reduces anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in veterans. Medical Care, 52(12): 19–24.
Shahbaziyan Khonig, A. Hasani, O & Rashbari dibavar, M .(2019) Discriminative Role of Bullying and Moral Intelligence in Suicide Probability among High School Students of Sanandaj City in the 2017-2018 Academic Year. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Science, 18(1): 1-11. (Text in Persian).
Shahroudi, S., Soltani, F., Nouri, N., & Rigi, A. (2019). The relationship between cell-phone addiction with the academic achievement motivation and academic performance of students in Khash Baluchestan. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry. 5(6): 57-70. (Text in Persian).
Sharifian, M., Gholamali-Lavasani, M., Ejei, J.,Taremian, F., Amrani, K. (2011). The relationship among classroom community, attitude toward parents, anxiety disorders and depression with adolescents suicide probability. Procidia Social and Behavioral Sciences. 15: 520-5. (Text in Persian).
Stanley, I. H., Boffa, J. W., Tran, J. K., Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2019). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and mindfulness facets in relation to suicide risk among firefighters. Journal of clinical psychology, 75(4): 696-709.
Tamannaeifar, S., Asgharnejad, F. A., Mirzaee, M., & Soleimani, M. (2016). Psychometric Properties of Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire. Developmental psychology, 12(47): 321-329.
Takao, M., Takahashi, S., & Kitamura, M. (2009). Addictive personality and problematic mobile phone use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(5): 501-507.
Walsh, J. J., Balint, M. G., Smolira SJ, D. R., Fredericksen, L. K., & Madsen, S. (2009). Predicting individual differences in mindfulness: The role of trait anxiety, attachment anxiety and attentional control. Personality and Individual differences46(2): 94-99.
World Health Organization (2016). World Health Organization (WHO) Suicide data. Retrieved June 8, 2016, from http://www.who. int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicide prevent/en/
Williams, J. M. G., & Williams, M. (1997). Cry of pain: Understanding suicide and self-harm. London: Penguin book.
Williams, M., & Penman, D. (2011). Mindfulness: a practical guide to finding peace in a frantic world. Hachette UK.